Biomass includes all land- and water-based vegetation, as well as all organic wastes. As a renewable energy source, biomass is used for facility heating, electric power generation, and combined heat and power (CHP). For the cities, the preferable way of the utilization of biomass for electricity generation is in CHP plants with supply to a district heating network since this is the most effective way to use biomass. CHP is typically consisting of a biomass-fired boiler whose steam is used to propel a steam turbine in addition to the extraction of steam or heat for process use. The benefit of using biomass for electricity generation is its ability to be stored, and thus it can easily be used for peak load generation.
Ways to release the energy stored in biomass include pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and conversion to gas/liquid fuel. Methods are selected depending on the types of biomass. Woody biomass is most often combusted or gasified to generate electricity. Biomass like wheat straw and very wet wastes are converted into gas in an anaerobic digester.
Biogas produced by anaerobic digestion is used to produce electricity, heat or as a vehicle fuel. In Europe, most the modern anaerobic digestors provide electricity and heat in electricity-only, heat-only, or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants. Biogas production can be used for self-production/consumption.
In high-income countries, biogas is used primarily in electricity-only and CHP plants. About 50% of total biogas consumption in Europe was used for heat production.
Figure: from EU project VALUE WASTE: https://valuewaste.eu/
Most of the studies show that the usage of biomass and biogas for energy generation can help to reduce GHG emissions. Due to the vast local availability of different types of biomass, its use can increase access to clean, affordable, and secure energy. Since waste materials can be converted to energy, the utilisation of biomass and biogas in energy production can achieve better waste management and reduce food waste.
Sustainable biomass and biogas power can play a crucial role in achieving renewable energy targets while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Here is an overview of pre-conditions/minimum requirements and enabling conditions/ideal design environment for sustainable biomass and biogas power:
Pre-conditions/minimum requirements:
Climate and geography:
Adequate biomass resources, such as forests, agricultural residues, and municipal waste, are necessary for biomass power generation. Additionally, favourable climatic conditions, such as consistent rainfall and moderate temperatures, are essential for the growth of biomass resources. Access to suitable land for the cultivation of energy crops, avoiding conflicts with food production and conservation areas.
Technical aspects/infrastructure:
Infrastructure such as transportation, storage, and conversion technologies are essential to maximize the potential of biomass resources for power generation. For biogas power, the minimum requirement is the presence of organic waste or biomass that can be converted into biogas.
Policy and regulatory/legal framework:
A clear regulatory and legal framework that defines the rules and standards for sustainable biomass and biogas power generation is necessary. The policies should encourage the use of sustainable biomass resources, and regulatory frameworks should ensure that biomass and biogas production does not harm the environment or compete with food production.
Enabling conditions/ideal design environment:
Climate and geography:
Favourable climatic conditions and geography can create an ideal environment for the growth of biomass resources. For example, areas with high rainfall, good soil quality, and plenty of sunshine can support the growth of energy crops.
Urban form and layout:
A well-designed urban form and layout can facilitate the collection and transportation of biomass resources to power plants. For example, cities with efficient waste collection systems can provide a reliable source of organic waste for biogas production.
Technical aspects/infrastructure:
Advanced technologies for biomass conversion, such as gasification and pyrolysis, can improve the efficiency and sustainability of biomass power generation. Additionally, enabling digital and data infrastructures, such as environmental monitoring systems, can help optimize the use of biomass resources and reduce environmental impacts.
Policy and regulatory/legal framework:
Favourable policies and regulations, such as feed-in tariffs, tax incentives, and subsidies, can encourage the development of sustainable biomass and biogas power generation. Additionally, strategic alignment with regional/national objectives, decentralization of state powers/competences, and innovation procurement can support the implementation of sustainable biomass and biogas power generation.
Funding and financing:
Access to funding and financing sources, such as the Just Transition Fund, LIFE, and the European City Facility, can support the development and implementation of sustainable biomass and biogas power generation projects. Additionally, innovative financing models, such as blended finance and green bonds, can help mobilize private capital for sustainable biomass and biogas power generation projects.
Economic and social context:
The economic and social context, such as citizen awareness, education, and digital skills, can impact the adoption and implementation of sustainable biomass and biogas power generation. Additionally, citizen engagement, co-creation initiatives, and stakeholder consultation can foster social acceptance and participation in sustainable biomass and biogas power generation projects.
Project governance and implementation modalities:
Effective governance and implementation modalities, such as public-private partnerships, experimentation/testing needs, and contracting of services, can support the successful implementation of sustainable biomass and biogas power generation projects. Additionally, citizen participation, mobilization of collective knowledge and skills, and stakeholder consultation can facilitate the co-creation and implementation of sustainable biomass and biogas power generation projects.
In conclusion, sustainable biomass and biogas power generation can play a crucial role in achieving renewable energy targets and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, it requires a clear regulatory and legal framework, favourable policies and regulations, advanced technologies, access to funding and financing, citizen participation, and effective governance and implementation modalities to realize its full potential.
Additional sources: Key factors for the successful implementation of urban biowaste selective collection schemes
https://www.cencenelec.eu/media/CEN-CENELEC/CWAs/RI/cwa17866_2022.pdf
Published first-of-its-kind European pre-standard CWA 17866 by the VALUEWASTE project
Climate and geography:
Availability of biomass:
The implementation of sustainable biomass and biogas power is dependent on the availability of biomass, which is affected by climate and geography. Regions with unfavourable climatic conditions may not have sufficient biomass to sustain the operation of the power plant.
Natural disasters:
Natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes can damage the infrastructure required for the operation of the power plant, making it difficult to produce sustainable biomass and biogas power.
Urban form and layout:
Land use:
Land use issues, such as zoning laws, can impact the development of sustainable biomass and biogas power. For example, there may be zoning laws that prohibit the use of certain types of land for power generation purposes.
Community acceptance:
Community acceptance is crucial for the successful implementation of sustainable biomass and biogas power. However, there may be resistance from local communities due to concerns about air pollution, noise, and other environmental impacts.
Technical aspects/infrastructure:
Access to technology:
The implementation of sustainable biomass and biogas power requires access to appropriate technology, which may not be available in all regions.
Infrastructure:
Adequate infrastructure, including transportation, storage, and distribution systems, is necessary for the successful implementation of sustainable biomass and biogas power.
Policy and regulatory/legal framework:
Inconsistent regulations:
Inconsistent or conflicting regulations at the local, regional, and national levels can hinder the implementation of sustainable biomass and biogas power.
Lack of policy support:
A lack of policy support, such as incentives and subsidies, can make it difficult to attract investment in sustainable biomass and biogas power.
Funding and financing:
High upfront costs:
The upfront costs of implementing sustainable biomass and biogas power can be high, making it difficult for investors to justify the investment.
Access to financing:
Access to financing can be a challenge for smaller-scale projects, which may struggle to secure funding from traditional sources such as banks.
Economic and social context:
Competing priorities:
Economic and social priorities, such as job creation and economic development, may compete with the implementation of sustainable biomass and biogas power.
Education and awareness:
Education and awareness about the benefits of sustainable biomass and biogas power may be limited, making it difficult to build public support for the implementation of these projects.
Project governance and implementation modalities:
Lack of coordination:
Lack of coordination among stakeholders, including local governments, community groups, and investors, can hinder the successful implementation of sustainable biomass and biogas power projects.
Capacity building:
Capacity building is necessary to ensure that the necessary skills and expertise are available to successfully implement and operate sustainable biomass and biogas power projects.
Overall, the successful implementation of sustainable biomass and biogas power requires careful consideration of a range of factors, including technical feasibility, regulatory frameworks, financing mechanisms, and social acceptance. Addressing the potential barriers outlined above will be critical to the successful implementation of these projects, and policymakers and stakeholders must work together to address these challenges.
Sustainable biomass and biogas power are renewable energy sources that have gained popularity in recent years due to their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to energy security. However, their implementation is not without challenges and drawbacks.
Possible Drawbacks:
Land Use Change: One of the main drawbacks of sustainable biomass and biogas power is land use change. In some cases, large areas of land are required to grow the crops used for biomass and biogas production. This can lead to deforestation and land use change, which can have negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Feedstock Availability: Sustainable biomass and biogas power is heavily reliant on the availability of biomass feedstock, which can be affected by factors such as weather, pests, and disease. This can lead to fluctuations in biomass prices and supply, making it difficult for businesses to plan and invest in this sector.
Transportation and Logistics: The transportation and logistics of biomass feedstocks can be challenging, especially for areas that are located far from biomass production sites. The transportation of biomass feedstocks can also contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, offsetting the environmental benefits of using renewable energy sources.
Technical Challenges: There are technical challenges associated with the conversion of biomass and biogas into usable energy. The conversion process can be complex and requires advanced technologies and equipment that can be expensive and require specialized knowledge and training.
Possible advantages:
Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Sustainable biomass and biogas power has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuel-based energy sources, which can help mitigate climate change.
Energy Security: Sustainable biomass and biogas power can contribute to energy security by reducing dependence on fossil fuels and increasing the use of locally produced renewable energy sources.
Job Creation: The development of sustainable biomass and biogas power can create jobs in the agricultural and energy sectors, providing economic benefits to communities.
Economic Viability: The economic viability of sustainable biomass and biogas power depends on various factors such as feedstock availability, technology costs, and government policies. The implementation of sustainable biomass and biogas power can be expensive initially, but long-term benefits can be significant.
Overall, the implementation of sustainable biomass and biogas power has the potential to bring many benefits, but it also poses challenges and drawbacks that need to be addressed.
- https://www.epa.gov/chp
- Biomass for Electricity Generation | WBDG - Whole Building Design Guide
- Nicolae Scarlat, Jean-François Dallemand, Fernando Fahl. Biogas: Developments and perspectives in Europe. Renewable Energy, Volume 129, Part A, 2018, Pages 457-472, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.03.006
- Isabel Malico, Ricardo Nepomuceno Pereira, Ana Cristina Gonçalves, Adélia M.O. Sousa. Current status and future perspectives for energy production from solid biomass in the European industry. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 112, 2019, Pages 960-977, https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/renewable-energy/bioenergy/biomass_en
Cost:
The cost of producing energy from sustainable biomass and biogas depends on various factors such as the cost of feedstock, technology used, and the scale of the production.
However, in general, sustainable biomass and biogas power are considered to be relatively cost-competitive compared to other renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power.
According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for biomass power plants ranges from 0.05 to 0.17 USD/kWh, while the LCOE for biogas power plants ranges from 0.06 to 0.19 USD/kWh.
Emissions:
Sustainable biomass and biogas power can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuel-based energy sources.
Biomass power plants emit carbon dioxide (CO2) when they burn biomass, but this is considered to be carbon-neutral because the carbon released is offset by the carbon absorbed by the plants during their growth. However, emissions from biomass combustion can also include pollutants such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulphur dioxide (SO2), which can have negative impacts on air quality and human health.
Biogas power plants emit methane (CH4) during the digestion process, but this is considered to be a much less potent greenhouse gas than CO2, and any emissions can be captured and used for energy generation or offset by reducing emissions elsewhere.
According to IRENA, the greenhouse gas emissions from biomass and biogas power plants can range from 16 to 270 g CO2eq/kWh and 14 to 48 g CO2eq/kWh, respectively.
Energy consumption:
The energy consumption associated with sustainable biomass and biogas power depends on the type of technology used and the efficiency of the production process.
In general, biomass and biogas power plants require significant amounts of energy for the collection, transportation, and processing of feedstock, but this energy can be offset by the energy produced from the power plant itself.
According to IRENA, the energy consumption for biomass power plants can range from 0.09 to 0.3 kWh/kWh, while the energy consumption for biogas power plants can range from 0.01 to 0.2 kWh/kWh.
Energy Access:
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), around 1 billion people worldwide do not have access to electricity. To provide electricity access to these people, it would require an estimated 10-30 GW of additional capacity from sustainable biomass and biogas sources.
Energy Security:
The exact amount of sustainable biomass and biogas power needed to ensure energy security varies by country, but a good benchmark is to aim for at least 10-15% of total electricity generation to come from these sources.
Climate Change Mitigation:
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in order to limit global warming to 1.5°C above preindustrial levels, we need to rapidly transition to a net-zero emissions economy. This would require a significant increase in the use of sustainable biomass and biogas sources, with estimates ranging from 200-400 EJ per year by 2050.
Air Pollution Reduction:
Air pollution reduction can be achieved by replacing fossil fuels with sustainable biomass and biogas sources. For example, replacing coal-fired power plants with biogas plants can significantly reduce local air pollution levels. The exact amount of power needed to achieve significant air pollution reduction varies by location, but in general, replacing 20-30% of coal-fired power with sustainable biomass and biogas sources can make a noticeable difference.
Economic Development:
Sustainable biomass and biogas sources can be a valuable source of income for rural communities, especially in developing countries. The exact amount of power needed to support economic development varies depending on the specific community and the local energy demand, but in general, a few MW of additional capacity can have a significant impact on local economic growth.
Funding and financing:
Horizon Europe, NER 300 programme
(Funding for innovative low-carbon technology research with focus on environmentally safe Carbon Capture and Storage and innovative renewable energy technologies), European Climate Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency (CINEA), European structural and investment funds (ESIF), LIFE, Prize for renewable energy islands, Horizon 2020 dashboard (Access to real-time programme data with the ability to filter by country, region, theme and more)
The following instruments could be most relevant for promoting sustainable biomass and biogas power:
Educational, Capacity Building instruments:
- User Engagement for Energy Performance Improvement - https://netzerocities.app/resource-1498
- Local energy communities - https://netzerocities.app/resource-618
- Capacity building and engagement with municipalities to identify and co-create circular solutions and roadmaps - https://netzerocities.app/resource-1548
- Capacity building for city officials to understand urban metabolisms and circular solution opportunities - https://netzerocities.app/resource-1568
- Capacity building and training - https://netzerocities.app/resource-1578
- Educational/Capacity building barriers identification - https://netzerocities.app/resource-1588
Involving, Collaborating and Empowering instruments:
- Urban-scale environmental decision support system (DSS) based on EPC (Energy Performance Certificate) databases - https://netzerocities.app/resource-1598
Financial instruments:
- Loans for Energy Efficiency (EE) - https://netzerocities.app/resource-1648
- Blended finance for Energy Efficiency (EE) - https://netzerocities.app/resource-1658
Planning instruments:
- Integrated land use and urban planning with energy and climate: https://netzerocities.app/resource-1678
- Integrated climate plans for cities (i.e.: SECAPs): https://netzerocities.app/resource-1698
Additional information from a few case studies on sustainable biomass and biogas power:
- Case study on biomass power generation in Japan: This case study provides an overview of biomass power generation in Japan, including the development of biomass power plants, feed-in tariffs, and the use of waste wood and other biomass resources. Link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322798391_Development_of_Biomass_Power_Generation_Technology_in_Japan
- Case study on biogas production in the UK: This case study examines the use of biogas as a renewable energy source in the UK, including the production of biogas from anaerobic digestion of organic waste, its use in combined heat and power systems, and the role of government policy in promoting biogas development. Link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312346847_The_role_of_biogas_in_the_UK_renewable_energy_mix
- Case study on sustainable biomass production in South Africa: This case study provides an overview of sustainable biomass production in South Africa, including the use of biomass for energy production, the development of biomass-based industries, and the role of community-based organizations in promoting sustainable biomass production. Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032117304249
- Case study on biogas production in India: This case study examines the use of biogas as a renewable energy source in India, including the production of biogas from agricultural waste, its use in rural communities, and the challenges and opportunities for scaling up biogas production in the country. Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146520302033
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