This deep dive provides an exploration of the integration of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in urban contexts, with particular attention to pathways for resilience and justice in European cities. It is situated within the broader framework of the NetZeroCities (NZC) programme, which supports the transition towards climate-neutral, sustainable, and inclusive urban futures.

The study considers the historical predominance of mitigation over adaptation, the increasing recognition of the need to integrate the two approaches, and the shift in climate narratives that emphasise justice, equity, and human-centric perspectives alongside technical solutions. Key issues addressed include the lag in adaptation planning, challenges in financing holistic climate action, risks of maladaptation, and the importance of embedding justice frameworks and local self-determination. The role of nature-based solutions (NbS) as integrative tools is also examined.